Etopira 25-MG Tablet

A seizure is an abnormal and unregulated electrical discharge occurring in the brain. This leads to a transient interruption in brain function, manifested by reduced alertness, abnormal sensations, and focal involuntary movements or convulsions. Several types of seizures exist, with common types including tonic-clonic seizures and partial onset seizures.

The exact mechanisms by which topiramate exerts pharmacological actions on seizures and migraines are currently not fully characterized. Several properties of this drug, however, are likely to contribute to its therapeutic effects. Topiramate has been observed to exert actions on voltage-dependent sodium channels, GABA receptors, and glutamate receptors.

Topiramate stimulates GABA-A receptor activity at brain non-benzodiazepine receptor sites and reduces glutamate activity at both AMPA and kainate receptors. Normally, GABA-A receptors are inhibitory and glutaminergic receptors are stimulatory for neuronal activity. By increasing GABA activity and inhibiting glutamate activity, topiramate blocks neuronal excitability, preventing seizures and migraines. Additionally, it blocks the voltage-dependent sodium channels, further blocking seizure activity. Topiramate has been shown to inhibit various carbonic anhydrase isozymes, but the clinical significance of this is unknown at this time.

Epilepsy: Monotherapy:

• Adults and children over 16 years: Titration should begin at 25 mg nightly for 1 week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 25 or 59 mg/day, administered in two divided doses. The recommended initial target dose for topiramate monotherapy in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy is 100 mg/day and the maximum recommended daily dose is 400 mg.
• Children aged 6-16 years: Treatment of children aged 6 years and above should begin at 0.5 to 1 mg/kg nightly for the first week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day, administered in two divided doses. The recommended initial target dose range for topiramate monotherapy in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy aged 6 years and above is 3 to 6 mg/kg/day. Higher doses have been tolerated and rarely doses up to 16 mg/kg/day have been given.

Epilepsy: Adjunctive therapy:

• Adults and children over 16 years: The minimal effective dose as adjunctive therapy is 200 mg per day. The usual total daily dose is 200 mg to 400 mg in two divided doses. Some patients may require doses up to 800 mg per day, which is the maximum recommended dose.
• Children aged 2-16 years: The recommended total daily dose of Topiramate as adjunctive therapy is approximately 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in two divided doses. Titration should begin at 25 mg nightly for the first week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 1 to 3 mg/kg/day (administered in two divided doses), to achieve optimal clinical response. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome. Daily doses up to 30 mg/kg/day have been studied and were generally well tolerated.

Migraine:

• Adults and children over 16 years: Titration should begin at 25 mg nightly for 1-week. The dosage should then be increased in increments of 25 mg/day administered at 1-week intervals. The recommended total daily dose of topiramate as treatment for the prophylaxis of migraine headache is 100 mg/day administered in two divided doses. Some patients may experience a benefit at a total daily dose of 50 mg/day.
• Children: Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis has not been studied in children under 16 years.

The addition of Etopira to other antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic add, phenobarbitai, primidone) has no clinically significant effect on their steady-state plasma concentrations, except in some patients where the addition of Etopira to phenytoin may result in an increase of plasma concentrations of phenytoin.

CNS Depressants: Etopira should be used with caution if used in combination with alcohol and other CNS depressants.

Oral Contraceptives: In an interaction study with a combined oral contraceptive, Etopira increased plasma clearance of the oestrogenic component significantly. Consequently, and bearing in mind the potential risk of teratogenicity, patients should receive a preparation containing not less than 50 μg of oestrogen or use some alternative non-hormonal method of contraception. Patients taking oral contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns.

Lithium: In patients with bipolar disorder, the pharmacokinetics of lithium were unaffected during treatment with Etopira at doses of 200 mg/day; however, there was an observed increase in systemic exposure (26% for AUC) following Etopira doses of up to 600 mg/day. Lithium levels should be monitored when co-administered with Etopira.

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ): The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of Etopira. Clinical laboratory results indicated decreases in serum potassium after Etopira or HCTZ administration, which were greater when HCTZ and Etopira were administered in combination.

Metformin: Etopira did not affect metformin tmax. The clinical significance of the effect of Etopira on metformin pharmacokinetics is unclear. Oral plasma clearance of Etopira appears to be reduced when administered with metformin. The clinical significance of the effect of metformin on Etopira pharmacokinetics is unclear. When Etopira is added or withdrawn in patients on metformin therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring for adequate control of their diabetic disease state.

Pioglitazone: When Etopira is added to pioglitazone therapy or pioglitazone is added to Etopira therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state.

Glibenclamide: The steady-state pharmacokinetics of Etopira were unaffected by concomitant administration of glibenclamide. When Etopira is added to glibenclamide therapy or glibenclamide is added to Etopira therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state.

Others: Etopira, when used concomitantly with other agents predisposing to nephrolithiasis, may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis. While using Etopira, agents like these should be avoided since they may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of renal stone formation. The interaction with benzodiazepines has not been studied.

Valproic Acid: Concomitant administration of Etopira and valproic acid has been associated with hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy in patients who have tolerated either drug alone. An association of hyperammonemia with Etopira monotherapy or concomitant treatment with other anti epileptics has not been established.

Hypersensitivity to any component of this product.

Nausea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dry mouth, taste disturbance, weight loss, anorexia, paraesthesia, hypoaesthesia, headache, fatigue, dizziness, speech disorder, drowsiness, insomnia, impaired memory & concentration, anxiety, depression, visual disturbance, lesscommonly: sucidal ideation, rarely: reduced sweetening mainly children, metabolic acidosis and alopecia, very rarely: Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and serious skin reaction.

Topiramate should not be used during pregnancy unless, in the opinion of the physician, the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the foetus. Topiramate should not be used during breastfeeding.

In patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, including Etopira, should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential for seizures or increased seizure frequency. Etopira can produce central nervous system-related adverse events and may be more sedative than other antiepileptic drugs. Drowsiness is a likelihood. In addition, there have been reports of visual disturbances/blurred vision. Patients should be warned of these and advised that if affected, they should not drive, operate machinery and/or take part in activities where such reactions could put themselves or others at risk.

Etopira overdose can result in severe metabolic acidosis. In acute Etopira overdose, if the ingestion is recent, the stomach should be emptied immediately by lavage or by induction of emesis. Activated charcoal has been shown to adsorb Etopira in vitro. Treatment should be appropriately supportive. Haemodialysis has been shown to be an effective means of removing Etopira from the body. The patient should be well hydrated.

Adjunct anti-epileptic drugs

Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.